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A virtual public art commission to fill two empty alcoves of the Legislative Library in Victoria, British Columbia, on the traditional unceded territory of the Lekwungen speaking peoples, the Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations.
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A virtual public art commission to fill two empty alcoves of the Legislative Library in Victoria, British Columbia, on the traditional unceded territory of the Lekwungen speaking peoples, the Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations.
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Captain George Vancouver


Captain George Vancouver (June 22, 1757 – May 12, 1798) was a midshipman in training onboard Captain Cook’s Discovery. Fourteen years after Cook’s expedition Vancouver returned to the coast as a captain of his own ship. Vancouver surveyed the entire northwest coast of the continent, from what is now known as Oregon all the way up to Alaska. This three-year endeavour was so thorough and precise that the maps and surveys that he created were still used well into the 20th century.
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Captain James Cook


Captain James Cook (October 27, 1728 – February 14, 1779) was in command of two ships during his attempt to find the Northwest Passage, the Resolute and the Discovery. Due to severe storms in the Pacific Northwest, Cook anchored off what is now known as Vancouver Island. Here he made contact with the Nuu-chah-nulth People and established a trading relationship with the Mowachaht Nation through their Chief Maquinna. Despite Cook’s inability to locate the passage, he played a significant role in establishing a British presence in the Pacific Northwest.
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Chief Maquinna


Chief Maquinna was Nuu-chah-nulth Chief in Nootka Sound on the west coast of what is now known as Vancouver Island. After his father’s death in 1778, he assumed leadership of the Mowachaht people. During this year, Maquinna solidified a trading relationship with the British by participating in a series of meetings with Captain James Cook. This decision led to his Nation becoming one of the most prolific trading communities in North America, and his power and the wealth of his community became well known to other Indigenous groups on the island.
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Colonel R.C. Moody


Richard Clement Moody (February 13, 1813 – March 31, 1887) was appointed as the second lieutenant in the British Royal Engineers. This position forced him to relocate to the Colony of British Columbia, where he was then appointed as Lieutenant Governor. His responsibilities included managing the American miners who were causing problems for the colony during the gold rush at the Fraser River. Moody also instructed the British Engineers to prepare what is now known as New Westminster for European settlement. This task included building roads and bridges throughout the colony. In 1866 Moody received the title of Major General.
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David Thompson


David Thompson (April 30, 1770 – February 10, 1857) began his work as a fur-trader for the Hudson’s Bay Company, but would later leave to work at the North West Company. There, his knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, and mapmaking influenced his new responsibilities, which included plotting and mapping nearly 4 million square kilometers of British Columbia. In 1811, he became the first European to travel the entire length of the Columbia River.
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Dr. John McLoughlin


John McLoughlin (October 19, 1784 – September 3, 1857) was the Chief Factor of the Columbia District of the Hudson’s Bay Company at Fort Vancouver for over twenty years. His career began as a physician and surgeon for the North West Company, but he later became a partner at the Hudson’s Bay Company and helped to broker the 1821 merger between the two fur-trading companies. McLoughlin ordered the establishment of Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River, and later directed James Douglas to establish Fort Victoria after foreseeing border tensions leading up to the demarcation of the 49th parallel. His work solidified the British Empire’s presence along the west coast.
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Hon. John Sebastian Helmcken


John Sebastian Helmcken (June 5, 1825 – September 1, 1920) worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company as a surgeon but would eventually become a politician. Helmcken saw the union of the Vancouver Island colony with the mainland colony, and negotiated the conditions of British Columbia joining the Dominion of Canada in relation to the construction of the transcontinental railway. After his work with the Hudson’s Bay Company, Helmcken began a new career with the BC Legislature.
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Lord Edward Bulwer-Lytton


Lord Edward Bulwer-Lytton (May 25, 1803 – January 18, 1873) was an English politician and novelist. In 1858, the Colony of British Columbia was established and Bulwer-Lytton was appointed as Secretary of State. In order to maintain Britain's control over the Hudson’s Bay Company, Lytton encouraged a transcontinental railway. Despite this British presence in the Pacific Northwest, there was still a possibility that the Colony of Vancouver Island and the Colony of British Columbia would join the United States. To discourage this, Lytton pushed for the union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, which eventually occurred in 1866.
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Simon Fraser


Simon Fraser (May 20, 1776 – August 18, 1862) was an explorer and fur-trader who was a partner in the North West Company. The company's push to increase trade and discover a viable route to the Pacific launched Fraser’s journey through the Fraser River in 1808. He was the first European to follow the river to its mouth on the Pacific Ocean, and along the way he produced maps of the river that would later be named after him.
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Sir Alexander Mackenzie


Sir Alexander Mackenzie (c. 1762-1764 – March 12, 1820) was a fur trader with the North West Company. He was the first explorer to journey 6,000 kilometers by canoe and foot across North America to its western shores. Some of Mackenzie’s success is attributed to the knowledge of his two Indigenous guides that were able to communicate with the other Indigenous people on their journey. Mackenzie’s route to the Pacific was influenced by the desire to open up new territory for fur-trading by the North West Company.
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Sir Anthony Musgrave


Sir Anthony Musgrave (August 31, 1828 - October 9, 1888) was a colonial administrator, born and raised into a slaveholding family. After serving as the Governor of Newfoundland he served as Governor of the Colony of British Columbia, from 1869 through 1871, overseeing its official integration with Canada as its sixth province. Later in his life he held the title of Governor for both Jamaica and the colony of Queensland in Australia.







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Sir Francis Drake


Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 – January 28, 1596) was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. From 1577-1580, Drake completed the first circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition. This included his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, which was previously an area of exclusive Spanish interest, and his claim to New Albion for New England. His expedition introduced an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas.
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Sir James Douglas


James Douglas (c. 1803 – August 2, 1877) was born in British Guyana. He was the son of John Douglas and Martha Anne Ritchie. At the age of 16 he began an apprenticeship with the North West Company. Within two years he began to take care of his first trading post, which was the first step in his trajectory of becoming Chief Factor of the Hudson’s Bay Company. When the 49th parallel was agreed to, Douglas reorganised the fur brigade routes to Canadian territory and began building Fort Victoria. He ultimately became the governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and was responsible for the first elected assembly in 1856. Two years later in 1858, he would be appointed governor of the Colony of British Columbia.
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Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie


Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie (May 9, 1819 – June 11, 1894) was born on a ship heading to Mauritius, where his father was a colonel in the British Army. In 1858, Begbie was appointed as Chief Justice of the Colony of British Columbia by Governor James Douglas. Prior to this, Begbie had established himself as a lawyer in London. Begbie was involved in most of the drafting of the legislation of the colony, and later, the province of British Columbia. Begbie leaves a complicated legacy in relation to his treatment of Indigenous people. Although he drafted provincial legislation that protected Indigenous women in common-law relationships with non-Indigenous men, he is also well remembered for sentencing five Tsilhqot'in Chiefs to death in 1864.
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Spirit Walker



Made up of colourful ovoids, a key design element in Salish and other traditional Indigenous Northwest Coast creation, Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun’s Spirit Walker may best be contextualized in his own words:


OVOIDISM MANIFESTO
Ovoids can come in all shapes and sizes
Only ovoids can be used.
Ovoids can be any colour.
Ovoids can be made into sculptures and all other forms of art as long as you retain the principles and guidelines that are deemed absolute.


Ovoid painting can be used as a
metaphorical terminology of thinking,
for instance, “all my relations”. (1)
Therefore I will gain wisdom. Ha, Ha!
Political statements
and joyous statements
can be made.
All modern equipment and materials
are allowed to create an ovoid.
You should at least
be an Indian to create and ovoid.
Ha!
Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun


(1) To encompass everything, all
forms of knowledge, human and
otherwise
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UN-TITLED



The title of this conceptual work by Marianne Nicolson signals the artist’s active rejection of colonial land title and all other entitlements claimed unilaterally, and never ceded in any legal treaty, by her Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw ancestors and elders, in what British and Canadian colonists have called British Columbia (BC) since 1858. The figure of this noblewoman is virtual – 3D-scanned at a specific stage in the creation of another, permanent sculpture. Nicolson’s response to this commission could, she stresses, only arrive in a virtual form, on a government building rendered virtual. Scanned by the project’s commissioners without official permission, the 3D Library of the BC Legislature is an acceptable ground for Nicolson because this gesture already begins to question the legitimacy of colonial structures by situating it in the realm of the imaginary. It therefore parallels the attempt by British Columbia to imagine away the underlying Aboriginal Title. The artist introduces a 3D rendition of the noblewoman, blanketed for protection and situated with her back to the virtual legislature, as an invitation to continue this line of questioning and informed action. This Indigenous woman resists assimilation into the body politic of the actual legislature itself, and remains a figure to haunt and unsettle colonial claims.
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The Legislative Library Statuary


There are sixteen architectural alcoves along the top of the outer façade of what was originally called the Provincial Library, currently the Legislative Library in Victoria, British Columbia, on the traditional unceded territory of the Lekwungen speaking peoples, the Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations. In those sixteen alcoves there are fourteen statues.


The fourteen statues were commissioned by Provincial Librarian E.O.S. Scholefield in 1913-1914 as part of the construction of the Library building, designed as an addition to the Legislature by its architect Francis M. Rattenbury. The statues were created by Vancouver-based sculptor Charles Marega from historical subjects chosen by Scholefield. Marega created 3-foot tall maquettes, and Marega’s studio assistant Bernard Carrier helped carved the 2.74 metre (9-foot) full-scale sculptures from Haddington Island stone – the same stone that was used in the construction of the 1898 Legislature buildings.
The fourteen statues are of men that relate to the history of the territory that came to be called British Columbia in 1858. Predominately, they are of individuals related to European colonial expansion and early corporate and governmental administration, and are part of a sculptural program for the Library that also includes six medallions depicting historical male European literary figures, as well as four statues of women symbolising Music, Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture.
The fourteen historical statues traverse the library block from east to west, and depict in order: Nuu-chah-nulth Chief Maquinna, Captain George Vancouver, Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie, Dr. John McLoughlin, Hon. John Sebastian Helmcken, Captain James Cook, Sir James Douglas, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Simon Fraser, Lord Lytton, Sir Anthony Musgrave, David Thompson, and Colonel R.C. Moody.




The Two Empty Alcoves


Mysteriously, on the northern side of the Library, facing the Legislature building, there are two empty alcoves where it appears two sculptures could still be placed. There are suggestions that there were more than fourteen commissioned monuments, though nothing substantive in the historical record confirms this.


In considering this mystery, The Polygon Gallery has commissioned two contemporary artists to create sculptures that are digitally scanned and “placed” in a virtual recreation of the Legislative Library’s empty alcoves. Akin to the Fourth Plinth in Trafalgar Square, London, this virtual commission seeks to provide an opportunity – perhaps one day in actuality – for an artist to add to the sculptural legacy first initiated by E.O.S. Scholfield at the dawn of the 20th century.
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Captain George Vancouver


Captain George Vancouver (June 22, 1757 – May 12, 1798) was a midshipman in training onboard Captain Cook’s Discovery. Fourteen years after Cook’s expedition Vancouver returned to the coast as a captain of his own ship. Vancouver surveyed the entire northwest coast of the continent, from what is now known as Oregon all the way up to Alaska. This three-year endeavour was so thorough and precise that the maps and surveys that he created were still used well into the 20th century.
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Captain James Cook


Captain James Cook (October 27, 1728 – February 14, 1779) was in command of two ships during his attempt to find the Northwest Passage, the Resolute and the Discovery. Due to severe storms in the Pacific Northwest, Cook anchored off what is now known as Vancouver Island. Here he made contact with the Nuu-chah-nulth People and established a trading relationship with the Mowachaht Nation through their Chief Maquinna. Despite Cook’s inability to locate the passage, he played a significant role in establishing a British presence in the Pacific Northwest.
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Chief Maquinna


Chief Maquinna was Nuu-chah-nulth Chief in Nootka Sound on the west coast of what is now known as Vancouver Island. After his father’s death in 1778, he assumed leadership of the Mowachaht people. During this year, Maquinna solidified a trading relationship with the British by participating in a series of meetings with Captain James Cook. This decision led to his Nation becoming one of the most prolific trading communities in North America, and his power and the wealth of his community became well known to other Indigenous groups on the island.
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Colonel R.C. Moody


Richard Clement Moody (February 13, 1813 – March 31, 1887) was appointed as the second lieutenant in the British Royal Engineers. This position forced him to relocate to the Colony of British Columbia, where he was then appointed as Lieutenant Governor. His responsibilities included managing the American miners who were causing problems for the colony during the gold rush at the Fraser River. Moody also instructed the British Engineers to prepare what is now known as New Westminster for European settlement. This task included building roads and bridges throughout the colony. In 1866 Moody received the title of Major General.
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David Thompson


David Thompson (April 30, 1770 – February 10, 1857) began his work as a fur-trader for the Hudson’s Bay Company, but would later leave to work at the North West Company. There, his knowledge in mathematics, astronomy, and mapmaking influenced his new responsibilities, which included plotting and mapping nearly 4 million square kilometers of British Columbia. In 1811, he became the first European to travel the entire length of the Columbia River.
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Dr. John McLoughlin


John McLoughlin (October 19, 1784 – September 3, 1857) was the Chief Factor of the Columbia District of the Hudson’s Bay Company at Fort Vancouver for over twenty years. His career began as a physician and surgeon for the North West Company, but he later became a partner at the Hudson’s Bay Company and helped to broker the 1821 merger between the two fur-trading companies. McLoughlin ordered the establishment of Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River, and later directed James Douglas to establish Fort Victoria after foreseeing border tensions leading up to the demarcation of the 49th parallel. His work solidified the British Empire’s presence along the west coast.
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Hon. John Sebastian Helmcken


John Sebastian Helmcken (June 5, 1825 – September 1, 1920) worked for the Hudson’s Bay Company as a surgeon but would eventually become a politician. Helmcken saw the union of the Vancouver Island colony with the mainland colony, and negotiated the conditions of British Columbia joining the Dominion of Canada in relation to the construction of the transcontinental railway. After his work with the Hudson’s Bay Company, Helmcken began a new career with the BC Legislature.
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Lord Edward Bulwer-Lytton


Lord Edward Bulwer-Lytton (May 25, 1803 – January 18, 1873) was an English politician and novelist. In 1858, the Colony of British Columbia was established and Bulwer-Lytton was appointed as Secretary of State. In order to maintain Britain's control over the Hudson’s Bay Company, Lytton encouraged a transcontinental railway. Despite this British presence in the Pacific Northwest, there was still a possibility that the Colony of Vancouver Island and the Colony of British Columbia would join the United States. To discourage this, Lytton pushed for the union of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, which eventually occurred in 1866.
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Simon Fraser


Simon Fraser (May 20, 1776 – August 18, 1862) was an explorer and fur-trader who was a partner in the North West Company. The company's push to increase trade and discover a viable route to the Pacific launched Fraser’s journey through the Fraser River in 1808. He was the first European to follow the river to its mouth on the Pacific Ocean, and along the way he produced maps of the river that would later be named after him.
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Sir Alexander Mackenzie


Sir Alexander Mackenzie (c. 1762-1764 – March 12, 1820) was a fur trader with the North West Company. He was the first explorer to journey 6,000 kilometers by canoe and foot across North America to its western shores. Some of Mackenzie’s success is attributed to the knowledge of his two Indigenous guides that were able to communicate with the other Indigenous people on their journey. Mackenzie’s route to the Pacific was influenced by the desire to open up new territory for fur-trading by the North West Company.
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Sir Anthony Musgrave


Sir Anthony Musgrave (August 31, 1828 - October 9, 1888) was a colonial administrator, born and raised into a slaveholding family. After serving as the Governor of Newfoundland he served as Governor of the Colony of British Columbia, from 1869 through 1871, overseeing its official integration with Canada as its sixth province. Later in his life he held the title of Governor for both Jamaica and the colony of Queensland in Australia.







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Sir Francis Drake


Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540 – January 28, 1596) was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. From 1577-1580, Drake completed the first circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition. This included his incursion into the Pacific Ocean, which was previously an area of exclusive Spanish interest, and his claim to New Albion for New England. His expedition introduced an era of conflict with the Spanish on the western coast of the Americas.
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Sir James Douglas


James Douglas (c. 1803 – August 2, 1877) was born in British Guyana. He was the son of John Douglas and Martha Anne Ritchie. At the age of 16 he began an apprenticeship with the North West Company. Within two years he began to take care of his first trading post, which was the first step in his trajectory of becoming Chief Factor of the Hudson’s Bay Company. When the 49th parallel was agreed to, Douglas reorganised the fur brigade routes to Canadian territory and began building Fort Victoria. He ultimately became the governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island and was responsible for the first elected assembly in 1856. Two years later in 1858, he would be appointed governor of the Colony of British Columbia.
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Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie


Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie (May 9, 1819 – June 11, 1894) was born on a ship heading to Mauritius, where his father was a colonel in the British Army. In 1858, Begbie was appointed as Chief Justice of the Colony of British Columbia by Governor James Douglas. Prior to this, Begbie had established himself as a lawyer in London. Begbie was involved in most of the drafting of the legislation of the colony, and later, the province of British Columbia. Begbie leaves a complicated legacy in relation to his treatment of Indigenous people. Although he drafted provincial legislation that protected Indigenous women in common-law relationships with non-Indigenous men, he is also well remembered for sentencing five Tsilhqot'in Chiefs to death in 1864.
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Spirit Walker


Made up of colourful ovoids, a key design element in Salish and other traditional Indigenous Northwest Coast creation, Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun’s Spirit Walker may best be contextualized in his own words:


OVOIDISM MANIFESTO
Ovoids can come in all shapes and sizes
Only ovoids can be used.
Ovoids can be any colour.
Ovoids can be made into sculptures and all other forms of art as long as you retain the principles and guidelines that are deemed absolute.


Ovoid painting can be used as a
metaphorical terminology of thinking,
for instance, “all my relations”. (1)
Therefore I will gain wisdom. Ha, Ha!
Political statements
and joyous statements
can be made.
All modern equipment and materials
are allowed to create an ovoid.
You should at least
be an Indian to create and ovoid.
Ha!
Lawrence Paul Yuxweluptun


(1) To encompass everything, all
forms of knowledge, human and
otherwise
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UN-TITLED


The title of this conceptual work by Marianne Nicolson signals the artist’s active rejection of colonial land title and all other entitlements claimed unilaterally, and never ceded in any legal treaty, by her Musgamakw Dzawada’enuxw ancestors and elders, in what British and Canadian colonists have called British Columbia (BC) since 1858. The figure of this noblewoman is virtual – 3D-scanned at a specific stage in the creation of another, permanent sculpture. Nicolson’s response to this commission could, she stresses, only arrive in a virtual form, on a government building rendered virtual. Scanned by the project’s commissioners without official permission, the 3D Library of the BC Legislature is an acceptable ground for Nicolson because this gesture already begins to question the legitimacy of colonial structures by situating it in the realm of the imaginary. It therefore parallels the attempt by British Columbia to imagine away the underlying Aboriginal Title. The artist introduces a 3D rendition of the noblewoman, blanketed for protection and situated with her back to the virtual legislature, as an invitation to continue this line of questioning and informed action. This Indigenous woman resists assimilation into the body politic of the actual legislature itself, and remains a figure to haunt and unsettle colonial claims.
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The Legislative Library Statuary


There are sixteen architectural alcoves along the top of the outer façade of what was originally called the Provincial Library, currently the Legislative Library in Victoria, British Columbia, on the traditional unceded territory of the Lekwungen speaking peoples, the Esquimalt and Songhees First Nations. In those sixteen alcoves there are fourteen statues.


The fourteen statues were commissioned by Provincial Librarian E.O.S. Scholefield in 1913-1914 as part of the construction of the Library building, designed as an addition to the Legislature by its architect Francis M. Rattenbury. The statues were created by Vancouver-based sculptor Charles Marega from historical subjects chosen by Scholefield. Marega created 3-foot tall maquettes, and Marega’s studio assistant Bernard Carrier helped carved the 2.74 metre (9-foot) full-scale sculptures from Haddington Island stone – the same stone that was used in the construction of the 1898 Legislature buildings.
The fourteen statues are of men that relate to the history of the territory that came to be called British Columbia in 1858. Predominately, they are of individuals related to European colonial expansion and early corporate and governmental administration, and are part of a sculptural program for the Library that also includes six medallions depicting historical male European literary figures, as well as four statues of women symbolising Music, Sculpture, Painting, and Architecture.
The fourteen historical statues traverse the library block from east to west, and depict in order: Nuu-chah-nulth Chief Maquinna, Captain George Vancouver, Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie, Dr. John McLoughlin, Hon. John Sebastian Helmcken, Captain James Cook, Sir James Douglas, Sir Francis Drake, Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Simon Fraser, Lord Lytton, Sir Anthony Musgrave, David Thompson, and Colonel R.C. Moody.




The Two Empty Alcoves



Mysteriously, on the northern side of the Library, facing the Legislature building, there are two empty alcoves where it appears two sculptures could still be placed. There are suggestions that there were more than fourteen commissioned monuments, though nothing substantive in the historical record confirms this.


In considering this mystery, The Polygon Gallery has commissioned two contemporary artists to create sculptures that are digitally scanned and “placed” in a virtual recreation of the Legislative Library’s empty alcoves. Akin to the Fourth Plinth in Trafalgar Square, London, this virtual commission seeks to provide an opportunity – perhaps one day in actuality – for an artist to add to the sculptural legacy first initiated by E.O.S. Scholfield at the dawn of the 20th century.
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